• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    The present invention has as its object a device that allows the determination of the concentration of the condensable particles present in the emissions of stationary sources by means of sampling method by dilution, as well as the concentration of filterable particles by isokinetic sampling in simultaneous and/or independent. It fits into the field of energy and environmental technology, specifically in the field of measurement and control of air pollution. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2615504A1
    申请号:ES201500767
    申请日:2015-10-21
    公开日:2017-06-07
    发明作者:Mercedes Cano Palacios；Benito Navarrete Rubia；Antonio PLUMED RUBIO；Fernando VEGA BORRERO；Bernabé Alonso Fariñas；Rafael MORIANA MORALES；José Antonio CAMINO FERNÁNDEZ
    申请人:Universidad de Sevilla；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:



    Device for determining the concentration of condensable and filterable particles by isokinetic sampling in stationary sources. OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
    The present invention aims at a device that allows the determination of the concentration of condensable particles present in source emissions stationary by dilution sampling method, as well as the concentration of filterable particles by isokinetic sampling simultaneously and / or independently.
    It falls within the field of energy and environmental technology, specifically in the field of measurement and control of air pollution. STATE OF THE TECHNIQUE
    Over the past 30 years, various studies have been developed at international level that have highlighted the important environmental problems associated with the increase in the concentration of fine particles in the air and their impact on human health.
    It is necessary to consider that the term atmospheric particulate material is a broad concept that encompasses both suspended particles and sedimentable particles (diametrogt; 20 IJm), characterized by a short residence time in the atmosphere. The dimensions of the particles in suspension are variable, some of these particles such as dust, soot, smoke and fog are visible to the naked eye, however others are so small that to detect them the use of an electron microscope is necessary.
    Specifying, more along the lines of the definition of particles emitted by stationary sources of large combustion processes, a stationary source is understood as any installation or activity established in one place, which develops operations or industrial processes, which emit pollutants into the atmosphere, Water or soil. According to a more specific classification of particles, one can distinguish:
    a) Filterable particulate matter (MPF) is the particulate fraction (solid or liquid state) formed at the temperature of the chimney gas and that can be retained in a filter (EPA. Method 202-Dry Impinger Method for Determining Condensable Particulate Emissions from Stationary Sources . 2010) and that can be captured with standard particle measurement systems, such as EPA method 5 or 17 (Method 5. Determination of Particulate Matter Emissions from Stationary. Method
    17. Determination of Particulate Matler Emissions From Stationary) or European UNE-EN 13284: 2002 (Emissions from stationary sources. Determination of particles at low concentration. Part 1: Manual gravimetric method).
    b) Condensable particulate matter (MPC), by definition according to the United States Enviromental Protection Agency (EPA), is the matter that under chimney conditions is in the vapor phase, but which condenses and / or reacts after cooling and dilution in ambient air to form solid or liquid particles immediately after chimney discharge. Currently, different capture systems can be used for the measurement of MPC, such as those defined in method 202 (absorbers) (Method 202-Dry Impinger Method for Determining Condensable Particulate Emissions from Stationary Sources. 2010) or in the ISO 25597 method: 2013 (dilution) (Stationary source emissions.Test method for determining PM2.5 and PM10 mass in stack gases using cyclone samplers and sample dilution).
    A study prepared by the Enviromental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1983, putexpressed interest in knowing the contribution of stationary sources toparticle emissions as condensable particles, in this sense theorganization, made a report that highlights the importanceQuantitative emissions of condensable particles versus filterable (EPA.Estimation of the importance of condensed particulate matter to ambient particulatelevels. 1983). Other studies such as the one published by the Clean Air for Europe program(CAFE) in May 2004, revealed in its conclusions the risk that, present for the health the existence of inhalable particles in the environment, and suggestedthe imposition of limits on PM10 emissions and the control of the concentration of
    PM2.5 (Amann M, Bertok 1, Cofala J, Gyarfas F, Heyes C, Klimont Z, et al. Two Draft Baseline Scenarios for the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Program Part 1: Explanatory notes Note: 2004; (May ): 1-29). According to ISO 25597: 2013, PM10 particles can be defined as the mass of particles that pass through a head of selective size for an aerodynamic diameter of 10 IJm with a cutting efficiency of 50%. The same definition for 2.5 IJm and 0.1 IJm cutting heads applies to PM2.5 and PMO, 1, respectively (ISO 25597: 2013. Stationary source emissions.Test method for determining PM2.5 and PM10 mass in stack gases using cyclone sample.rs and sample dilution.).
    In this sense, a growing increase in the interest, mainly in recent years, of the industrialized countries due to this problem, leads to the consideration and development of an increasingly strict and rigorous legislation regarding fine particle emissions. In this regard, it should be noted that the current PM2.5 and lower controls carried out by the European Community in large combustion facilities are not taking into account the impact caused by emissions of PM2.5 and lower particles classified as condensable particles and that would be included in this subgroup. Only filterable particles are determined, leaving condensables aside (Lee SW. Fine particulate matter measurement and international standardization for air quality and emissions from stationary sources. Fuel. Elsevier; 2010; 89 (4): 874-82).
    Current reference methods for sampling of filterable particles such as the American method EPA Method 5 "; Determination of particulate matter emissions from stationary sources"; ISO method 9096: 2003 "; Stationary source emissions. Manual Determination of mass concentration of particulate matterquot; and the European method UNE-EN 13284-1: 2001 quot; Emissions from stationary sources. Determination of particles at low concentration. Part 1: Manualquot gravimetric method; allow to determine the concentration of particles in stationary foci by hot filtration techniques. Due to this sampling technique, the fraction of primary particles determined by definition does not include the fraction of condensable particles, such that the mass of MPC is not generally included in the calculation of the emission factors of particulate matter.
    It is therefore necessary to distinguish between the different systems that currently exist to quantify the emissions of condensable particles. In this regard, different methods of sampling condensable particles from stationary sources have been developed over the past few years. It is mainly possible to distinguish between the methods based on the collection of condensable particles in absorbers (eg, EPA Method 202), which employ an ice bath pickup solution to produce condensation and capture of condensable particles, and system-based methods for dilution and capture of condensable particles generated on filters, by extracting a sample of the gas stream under study, diluting it with purified ambient air (prefiltered and dehumidified) or pure compressed gases generating a gaseous environment with a similar composition to those of real plumes or exhaust gases (eg, EPA Conditional Test Method CTM-039), the latter being the highest booming sampling system, since it faithfully represents the conditions for generating condensable particles in the plume when diffused in the atmosphere, facing the problem of interference It is generated by the use of absorbers, since they tend to overestimate the emissions of condensable particles, because certain gaseous species react with the absorbent solution being retained in it and therefore are likely to be measured as condensable particles.
    In this context and taking into account the difficulty of condensable particle sampling methods to quantify their emissions accurately and repeatably, sampling methods based on dilution systems are used.
    Recently, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has developed an international standard, ISO 25597: 2013 for sampling and analysis of emissions in stationary sources through the use of cyclones for the measurement of PM2.5 and PM10 particles. This international standard provides a methodology for measurement of filterable and condensable particles using a dilution sampling train but at present there is no design that allows the determination of condensable particles independently with respect to the filterable particles in stationary sources.
    The present invention tries to solve the current impossibility of quantifying, exclusively, the condensable particles present in the emissions from stationary sources, thus allowing the possibility of studying the environmental problems generated by them and the actions to be taken to reduce them.
    The present invention provides the possibility of determining condensable particles in stationary sources by means of a compact and easily transportable sampling train, and which allows as a main novelty to eliminate the interference produced by quantifying as condensable the possible PM2.5 and lower filterable particles that have exceeded the Cyclone PM2.5 that proposes the current norm ISO 25597: 2013 or the conditional method CTM-039, in addition to providing the opportunity to quantify in the emissions the concentration of MPF simultaneously and independently of the MPC. DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
    Figure 1.-Scheme of each of the main elements that make up the MPC / MPF sampling train according to the invention. Components:
    (one ) Nozzle set
    (2) Stainless steel flat filter holder set.
    (3) Stainless steel thimble filter holder set.
    (4) MPC isokinetic probe.
    (5) Chimney temperature sensor
    (6) Sample gas flow regulation valve.
    (7) Mixing cone holder
    (8) Cone Mix
    (9) Chamber of residence
    (10) MPC 70 filter holder.
    (eleven ) Temperature sensor gas mixture.
    (12) Humidity sensor.
    (13) Suction blower.
    (14) Dehumidifier
    (fifteen) Venturi air dilution.
    (16) Venturi air temperature sensor.
    (17) Humidity sensor
    (18) HEPA filter
    (19) Air regulation valve. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    A subject of the present invention is a device comprising nozzles (1), MPF filter holders (2,3), MPC isokinetic probe (4), cone (8) and mixing cone holder (7), residence chamber (9), MPC filter holder (10), suction blower (13), control elements (5,6,11,12), dehumidifier (14), dilution air venturi (15), HEPA filter (18) and auxiliary elements control (16,17,19), for the simultaneous and / or independent determination of condensable particulate matter (MPC) emissions by dilution sampling and the determination of filterable particles (MPF) through the use of a chimney filter holder in sources stationary during the same sampling test. This device allows the quantification of MPC by eliminating the interference produced by MPF, in addition to quantifying the total number of particles emitted as a sum of MPF and MPC.
    The condensable particles are generated by cooling and condensing the sample gas extracted from the chimney with properly conditioned ambient air. The concentration of filterable particles is determined by isokinetic sampling and particle collection by chimney filter.
    The device allows:
    one. Isokinetic determination simultaneously simultaneously and independently of MPF and MPC.
    2. Exclusive determination of MPC.
    3. Exclusive isokinetic determination of MPF.
    In case 2, isokinetic sampling is not required. Because the condensable particles by definition are in the vapor phase in chimney conditions, isokinetism should not affect the measurement of these, since in the sampling nozzle the MPC does not behave as particles but as gas.
    Figure 1 shows a list of each of the main components. The classification of the main elements will be made by distinguishing between
    components that make up the sample gas line (1-13), and those that constitute the dilution air line (14-19).
    The particles present in the emissions from stationary sources can be isokinetically sampled through the use of the MPC isokinetic probe (4) which also incorporates a sensor for the determination of the temperature of the chimney gases (5). During a sampling, the test gas is filtered by an MPF filter housed in a filter holder (2,3) disposed at the head of the probe and into the conduit through which the gas to be sampled circulates. Once the aliquot extracted from it is filtered, the gas flow is regulated using a valve (6) and is transported through the heated line of the probe where the suction flow will be determined by reading differential pressure in the built-in venturi in the probe Subsequently, the gas passes to the mixing cone-cone holder (7.8) where atmospheric air is injected at a flow rate measured by a venturi (15) and regulated by a valve (19). This air comes from a dehumidifier (14) and has been filtered through a HEPA filter (18) to simulate the atmosphere of the sampling site. The corresponding temperature (16) and humidity (17) sensors will allow you to evaluate the correct conditioning of the air along the line. The flow of problem gas aspirated by the suction blower (13) is adjusted to perform the sampling test within the allowed range of dilution ratio and, in the case of requiring that the sampling be performed under isokinetic conditions for MPF determination, this flow adjustment will also be imposed by the nozzle
    (1) calculated to maintain the percentage of isokinetism around 100% in each sampling.
    Subsequently, the sample gas-dilution air mixture originated in the mixing cone passes through a tubular residence chamber (9) where maintaining controlled humidity and temperature conditions, through the use of sensors (11,12), they will generate the condensable particles in the right conditions and with the necessary residence time. At the rear end of the residence chamber, the condensable particles generated during the passage of the gas through it are retained on a previously treated and heavy MPC filter housed in the MPC 70 filter holder (10).
    The control of the main parameters during the sampling period, such as the temperature of the different train elements, the sample gas or the dilution air, as well as the relative humidity at each point of interest along the train
    Sampling and differential pressures for the calculation of gas flow and velocity are carried out by means of the different measuring and control elements that accompany the sampling train. These measuring elements, such as differential pressure meters, controllers and temperature and humidity meters, will also allow the temperature, speed and flow of gas in the duct to be monitored instantaneously throughout each test.
    Finally, a difference in weighing will allow to determine the total mass of MPC and MPF retained in the filters during the sampling and these together with the measurement of the volume of gas sampled will allow to determine their concentration in the emissions.
    The technical specifications and main characteristics of the components of the device object of the invention are detailed below:
    Nozzle set (1). To perform the isokinetic sampling of the gases, a set of interchangeable nozzles of 316 stainless steel is developed that can be coupled to a swan-neck shaped extension, which will in turn be assembled to the corresponding isokinetic probe.
    Filter holder for filterable particles (2,3). In order to perform the MPF determination, it is necessary to use various filter holder designs depending on the expected concentration of particles in the gas stream:
    a) Flat filter holder made of 316 stainless steel for housing
    flat filters
    b) Thimble filter holder also made of 316 stainless steel for filters
    thimble.
    MPC isokinetic probe (4). The MPC isokinetic probe is an important novelty incorporated into the sampling train. It is the element that allows to transfer the sampled gas from the inside of the chimney or duct to the entrance to the mixing cone, in addition to providing a reliable measure of the aliquot of the problem gas taken for each test by using an internal venturi and determining speed , flow and temperature of the problem gas in the duct conditions. This probe consists of an interchangeable threaded line of 316 stainless steel with an internal diameter of 12 mm, which can be heated to a temperature of 180 ° C. The probe also incorporates a detachable S-type pitot tube, which can be placed in two positions at 90 ° depending on whether the duct is horizontal or
    vertical and is also made of 316 stainless steel, a K type thermocouple for measuring the temperature of the sample gas, a heated box, on the back of the probe, which will be the housing of a gas flow regulation valve Sample and that can also be heated to a temperature of 180 ° C. This valve will be threaded to the final part of the line and is replaceable, where appropriate, with a filter holder for performing isokinetic sampling using a commercial isokinetic sampling train. Finally, the probe has an Herschel-type venturi built in 316 stainless steel and incorporated in the central part of the probe, with two pressure taps that remain on the tail of the probe at the end of two tubes attached to the wall of the probe and at all times outside the chimney. See component 4 of the Figure
    one.Furthermore, this probe can be used to determine such parameters.such as SOx, metals, HCI, HF, H20, etc. by coupling to isokinetic trainsexisting commercials.
    Cone and mixing cone holder (7.8). The cone will facilitate the mixing of the pretreated dilution air with the sample gas in order to achieve the generation of the MPCs in a similar way to what would happen in the atmosphere. The cone, which will be housed inside the holder during the development of the sampling, is made of 316 stainless steel and has a series of holes in its surface in order to maintain the positive pressure inside it and thus force the distribution homogeneous dilution air through all its holes.
    The portacono is built in 316 stainless steel and is immediately assembled to the probe at its back. The entrance of the air to the holder is carried out through an opening located on the side of it, which allows the dilution system to be connected to the mixing cone. In turn, in order for an aliquot of air to be preheated before entering the inside of the mixing cone, the cone holder has a small 3/8 "duct; which serves to divert an aliquot of dilution air into the sample gas inlet zone. In this way a hot air ring is provided that will prevent a high thermal jump in the encounter between both gas streams (sample air-gas). The exit of the holder is connected to a clamp type clamp that allows it to be attached to the residence chamber.
    Chamber of residence (9). The residence chamber is a 316 stainless steel cylindrical tube. The outlet end of the residence chamber is assembled to the filter holder by means of a clamp-type clamp in the same way that it joins the other end to the holder. Specifically, this design of the residence chamber allows sufficient time to be provided to the air-gas mixture for the generation of condensable particles that will be subsequently captured in the filter.
    Filter holder for flat MPC filter 70 mm in diameter (10). A significant variant of the filter support is the use in this sampling train of a filter holder of reduced dimensions compared to that proposed by current methods. This reduction will allow a considerable improvement in the determination of the concentration of MPC since these reduced dimensions will allow a better handling of the filter for its weighing and assembly. In addition, this reduction will cause a greater concentration of particles per cm2 of filter, favoring in the future the chemical analysis of MPC. The sampling train will have one or more filter holders that will be constructed in 316 stainless steel, and that consist of two bodies connected to each other by means of a clamp-type clamp, so that when the filter holder is disassembled in each of its components, This allows the filter to be loaded and unloaded to carry out the sampling.
    Suction blower (13). The blower necessary to perform the sampling will be selected in such a way that it meets the flow and height requirements for the development of the sampling under the different operating conditions in which it is worked.
    Dehumidifier (14). This equipment will be in charge of bringing the dilution air stream to reduced values of relative humidity, in such a way that they can incorporate sufficiently dry air so that the final result of the mixture has the appropriate relative humidity for the development of the intake of samples.
    Venturi dilution air (15). For the determination of the dilution air flow during the sampling tests, a Herschel-type calibrated venturi should be used.
    HEPA filter (18). A HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate air filter) filter is included, with the capacity to treat at least 60 m3 / h, which guarantees a minimum collection efficiency of 99.97% for aerosol particles; dioctyl-phthalatequot; (PDO) of 0.3¡.Jm.
    Auxiliary control elements (5, 6, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19). The control elements that are necessary for the development of the sampling of MPC and / or MPF, such as temperature controllers for the operation of the heating of the MPC isokinetic probe, temperature meters for the different points of interest of the train of sampling, meters of relative humidity of the dilution air and of the mixing gas stream, meters of the differential pressure for the determination of gas flow in the chimney and of sampling and valves of flow regulation will allow to adjust the conditions of the sampling depending on the variables of each gas stream.
    In addition, temperature probes (type K thermocouple) with stainless steel sheath will be located along the sampling train lines, with a measuring temperature range of 0-1100 ° C and of varying size depending on their use and location These sensors allow checking and controlling at all times the operating conditions of the sampling train by means of the control elements previously described. In addition, two relative humidity sensors necessary for the conditioning and control of the humidity conditions of both the problem gas and the dilution air will be required. MODE OF INVENTION
    An example of the invention proposed for the determination of the concentration of MPC and MPF in the emissions from a conventional combustion process of coal in a circulating fluid bed after particle abatement by means of a bag filter is presented below. For the determination of MPC and MPF, preliminary characterization of the gas stream is necessary, for this purpose parameters such as speed, temperature, humidity are determined through the use of the MPC isokinetic probe and composition of major gases in the gas stream through the use of an automatic gas analyzer. The results obtained from the characterization of the gas stream in this process are shown in Table 1.
    CO ~ USTLON MODE
    CONVENTIONAL
    Oz (% v / v) 7.2
    COz (or /, ~ v: Iv) 12.3
    SOz (PPIllV) 525
    NOx (ppmv) 88
    CO (PPR, lv) 3. 4
    HlUÍledád (o / O ') 6.1
    Temperatures (DC) 188
    Caudalbase seea tNm3Jh) 18793
    Speed of gas (mis) 15.31
    Isocinetism (%) 101.90
    Table 1. Characterization of the gas stream during the measurement campaign.
    10 After sampling, the values obtained for the concentration of MPC and MPF in the emissions in this combustion mode were calculated based on the CTM-039 method. The results obtained are shown in the following table.
    MgJm3 concentration (std)
    MPF 4.8
    MPC 5.1
    MPT 9.9
    Table 2. Concentration of MPF, MPC and MPT obtained.
    20 It can be observed that when taking into account the MPC, measured with this train, as emitted particulate matter, the concentration of total particulate matter (MPT) emitted in this type of process increases up to 51.5% compared to the values of concentration of particles that would be obtained by using or using traditional methods for particle determination such as the "EPA Method
    25 5quot; or Method UNE-EN 13284-1: 2001. In addition, the value obtained from the concentration of MPC is reliable since this method faithfully reproduces the conditions of generation of this type of particles in the chimney plume, unlike the methods that use absorbers, such as the `` EPA-Method 202quot ;, which introduces interference to the extent produced by the reaction of the major gases of the
    5 stream with the absorbent solution itself.
    Finally, it can be said that the data obtained from the concentration of MPC are exclusively from MPC, unlike what happens with other methods, that is, they exclude the mass of MPF below 2.5 / -Lm that exceed the cyclone PM2.5 what do you propose
    10 the CTM-039 and ISO 25597: 2013 methods.
    According to the values obtained from the concentration of MPC and MPF, it can be deduced that the proposed device has the following characteristics:
    15 allows the determination of the concentration of MPT understood as the sum of the segregated measures of MPC and MPF in emissions from stationary sources. It is possible to determine the concentration of MPF by performing isocinetic sampling.
    20 The MPC isokinetic probe can also be used for the determination of parameters such as the moisture content of a gas stream. It allows to determine the concentration of MPC exclusively by eliminating in a previous filter the filterable particles smaller than 2.5 / -Lm.
    权利要求:
    Claims (4)
    [1]
    one. Device for determining the concentration of condensable and filterable particles by isokinetic sampling in stationary sources characterized in that it comprises a) a set of nozzles (1), b) a set of filter holders for the determination and / or elimination of filter particles (2,3) , c) an MPC isokinetic probe (4), d) a set consisting of mixing cone-cone holder (7.8), e) residence chamber (9) and MPC condensable particle holder (10), f) a blower of suction (13) coupled to the outlet of the condensable particulate filter holder MPC (10), g) an air conditioning system for dilution of the gas that includes a dehumidifier (14), a HEPA filter (18) and a venturi for measurement of dilution air flow (15) and h) a set of control elements and sensors (5, 6, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19) to regulate and display the main control parameters of the current sampling and of the process gases.
    [2]
    2. Device for determining the concentration of condensable and filterable particles by isokinetic sampling in stationary sources according to claim 1, characterized in that the isokinetic probe MPC (4) that allows modifying the temperature of the gas adjusting it to the conditions of the gas in the chimney consists of a) interchangeable line 316 stainless steel with an internal diameter of 12 mm and that can be heated to a temperature of 180 ° C, b) detachable S type pitot tube also constructed in 316 stainless steel, c) type K thermocouple for measuring gas temperature sample, d) heated box, on the back of the probe, which will be the housing of a sample gas flow regulation valve and that can also be heated to a temperature of 180 ° C and, e) Herschel type venturi Built in 316 stainless steel.
    [3]
    3. Device for determining the concentration of condensable and filterable particles by isokinetic sampling in stationary sources according to claim
    1, characterized in that the MPC filter holder (10) is used as support for
    a flat filter of 70 mm in diameter.
    [4]
    Four. Devicefordetermine the concentrationfromcondensable particlesY
    5 filter bias by isokinetic sampling in stationary sources according to claim
    1 characterized by incorporating a single suction blower (13) for the
    realization of the sample gas-dilution air mixture inThe relationship of
    desired flows.
    10 5.Devicefordetermine the concentration ofcondensable particlesY
    filterable bysamplingisokineticinsourcesstationary,according
    claims previouscharacterizedbyheusefromtransmittersfrom
    temperature (16) and humidity (17) for conditioning and control of
    humidity and temperature conditions of both the gas and the dilution air.
    Figure 1
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    同族专利:
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    ES2615504B1|2018-04-12|
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    引用文献:
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    US4065266A|1964-06-22|1977-12-27|Whiting Corporation|Apparatus for manufacturing phosphoric acid|
    US3784902A|1971-12-08|1974-01-08|Ikor Inc|Apparatus for sensing particulate matter|
    US7998731B2|2003-03-17|2011-08-16|General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems, Inc.|Portable sampling device for airborne biological particles|
    US7587950B2|2006-09-11|2009-09-15|Cummins Filtration Ip Inc.|Source dilution sampling system for emissions analysis|
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